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Occupational Exposures: Exposure to certain carcinogens and toxic substances in the workplace, such as asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and diesel exhaust, can increase the risk of lung cancer
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Air Pollution: Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution, including fine particles (particulate matter), chemicals, and pollutants emitted from vehicles, industrial processes, and power plants, may contribute to the development of lung cancer
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Family History: Having a family history of lung cancer, especially among first-degree relatives (such as parents or siblings), may increase an individual's risk of developing the disease, suggesting a possible genetic component
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Prior History of Lung Diseases: Certain lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, and tuberculosis, can increase the risk of lung cancer
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Personal Lifestyle Factors: Unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a poor diet lacking in fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, and exposure to indoor pollutants